Atomic Bombs

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The atomic bombs used in World War II were a huge scientific advance, but also will be long remembered because of their radiation effects. Although the weapon was the most destructive of any in World War II, it was one of the advantages the U. S. was able to use in order to defeat Japan. Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, and Edward Teller realized the danger that Germany might produce thefirst atomic bomb, resulting in a victory over World War II. They then prevailed upon Albert Einstein to write a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt. In 1939, Roosevelt ordered an American effort to obtain an atomic weapon before the Germans. Nothing came of the effort until Vannevar Bush, the coordinator of scientific activities, took charge several years afterward. In 1942, the project went under U. S. Army control and was named the Manhattan Project.

In order to create an atom bomb, the isotope uranium-235 was needed, but less that 1% of naturally occurring uranium is this isotope. Most uranium, which is found in the ore pitchblende (obtained from metallic veins in the earth) is the isotope uranium-238. Thus, the problem arose of how to obtain enough U-235 to sustain a chain reaction. A solution was found in Oak Ridge, Tennessee when gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic separation enriched the presence of U-235 to more than 90%, enough to sustain the reaction. Thefirst bomb dropped on Japan was simply two separate pieces of uranium-235 brought together rapidly in a gun barrel to form a super-critical mass (a critical mass is enough to sustain a chain reaction, and a super-critical mass is enough to cause an explosion) which detonated over Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945. This bomb was named "Little Boy" because it was the smaller of the two atomic bombs dropped in World War II.

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The second bomb was made from the substance uranium-238, which had been previously considered waste. It was discovered, however, that U-238 could captu…